Every consumer in the world knows precisely the type of fuel it needs in their daily lives, whether it be a car or heating or lighting or otherwise .. every consumer asks needs of the gas station with the correct name spontaneously does not need to bother thinking. But what if the consumer asked for the fuel required by the difference between him and the other type of fuel properties? And more than that, what if we asked him about the many names that have more than one of them sometimes refers to the same type of fuel, and sometimes despite the great similarities between several names, both of which refers to the various oil derivative?
The convoy team, depending on the research conducted by Almhendsamagd Qasim, a member of the Arab Association of Science Journalists, here deals with the most crude oil derivatives, and more specifically these derivatives commonly used in daily life, namely the various types of fuel, and what distinguishes them from each other.
Although the man known petroleum (oil and natural gas) for nearly six thousand years, the many oil derivatives that we use in our daily lives is the result of relatively recent refining industry, dating its beginnings to the second half of the nineteenth century.
If we stop for a moment in front of crude oil, we will find ourselves in front of a number of words that everyone knows without a known fact that many of the intended respective specifically.
The word oil is equivalent to the word Arab Petroleum (English and French), derived from the Latin language «Petra Oleum» literally means originally «oil shale». We say in the original, because the word Petroleum became certified to refer to oil and natural gas together. When the talk is liquid oil alone use the word «oil» only, while the gas is called «natural gas». And by extension, to point out that there are two types of natural gas are extracted from natural gas and oil reservoirs called «associated gas», and natural gas extracted away from the reservoirs of oil and so-called «non-associated gas».
With natural gas constitutes the primary feedstock for the petrochemical industry giant that continues to grow and evolve day after day, has been dealt «caravan» previously expanded research, we will stop in comes in front of oil derivatives that we deal with every day, and only many of us know derivative they need without explore the Name The difference between him and another derivative.
The chemical composition
Crude oil is a complex mixture of thousands of different molecules, and the greatest proportion of it, a hydrocarbons combine with other elements like sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and a few varying degrees.
And hydrocarbons, is a very large range of vehicles, suffice here mention the most important names, to avoid viscous reader in a maze of different and complex chemical compositions:
1 - paraffins Paraffins
2 - naphthenes Naphthenes
3 - Olefins Olefins
4 - Alositilanaat Acetylenics
5 - aromatic or aromatic compounds Aromatics
6 - sulfur compounds
7 - nitrogen compounds and compounds Alooxeginah mineral impurities
8 - asphalt and Alasvlten
Types of crude oil
Although the crude oil consists mainly of a collection of hydrocarbons, but the proportions of these compounds vary according to the source. Crude oil is rich in saturated paraffin compounds may be rich compounds Alinvtinih. This in turn will impact on the appearance of oil and cohesion in general, where the form of liquids Rjrajh Mobile brown tends to yellowish, or black viscous liquids and semi-solid.
And control the nature of the crude oil in products that can be obtained from the type. Crude Valzi Alinvtini be suitable for the production of asphalt, while crude oil Paraffinic shall be suitable for the production of wax, and so on for the production of lubricating oils which can be obtained from crude oil Alinvtini Otari. But the development of methods of refining, led to overcome these chemical problem, so that it is possible to deal with all types of oil and production of various derivatives.
Accordingly, it is in the habit of crude oil classified into three categories depending on the components of hydrocarbons, namely:
1 - paraffinic oil origin.
2 - Oil Nftini origin.
3 - Mixed origin oil, which is made up of ex-types with a pedigree of aromatic compounds and paraffin wax and asphalt materials.
Crude oil refining
The oil industry has developed significantly with increasing global needs of this article precious, was centered in the beginning, that is, during the period between 1860 and 1890, to get kerosene (Kerosene), as seen in those derived most important period, which was used for lighting, heating and cooking.
The aim of the oil refining process, the separation of the desired components of the mix and turn them into products suitable for consumption within specific specifications.
And oil refining scientifically means cracking of crude oil to the original components and its fractions and rearranged to form new compounds, and the basis for this industry distillation, based on the difference in the boiling points of these compounds, and are conducting this process in a piecemeal Towers private.
It includes oil refining on the three main operations are:
1 - physical processes (Chapter).
2 - chemical processes (conversion).
3 - processors and purification.
And include separation process, conducting operations in the fractional distillation towers within more than one stage, where they are separated with a low boiling degrees lighter vehicles, from the top of the tower while the heavier vehicles Vtfsal from the bottom of the tower.
There are various types of distillation towers, where the primary distillation towers be under normal atmospheric pressure, or distillation towers rarefied working under pressure to reduce the boiling point of some vehicles.
Increasing global demand for oil derivatives to make fundamental changes in distillation and treatment systems have resulted. Instead of the previously used system, which depends on the heating specific amount of crude oil and distilled and then condensing it, was the use of continuous fractional distillation systems, also developed towers special units to separate each oil producer on the unit, where they are getting the volatiles from the top of the tower and left at the bottom materials Heavy Kalasfelt. Water vapor is also used for the separation of the most volatile compounds to avoid smashing some chemical compounds because of the high temperatures in the distillation tower, also used the vacuum distillation system. And other various crushing systems.
These techniques and chemical processes that have been developed, and accompanied by significant developments in the industry «fractional distillation column», which is a huge steel cylinder, installed in the inside trays Trays, and gather the liquid condensed on those trays and sliding across the tube to the next Chinese. Those trays and contain a large number of holes which mounts them next steam from the lower trays, and rises above each hole short tube and cover Cap so steam rushes through the cracks slots in the vicinity of the cover to the inside of a liquid that contain Chinese.
Thus, the process of evaporation and condensation occur Aharareeten and collect on each tray of boiling compounds degrees lower than those collected on Chinese vehicles that followed at the bottom, then the product is withdrawn within a similar level of retail column.
The most important derivatives of crude oil refining
Petroleum products, are chemical compounds that have resulted from the crude oil refining process, which is the primary objective of the whole process within the refining and purification stages of separation and refinement of various extraction.
There are various methods of classification of petroleum products, it is classified by object of use, such as an energy source of dynamic, or a source of thermal energy, or products of other industrial processes, has been classified by the specific color and weight.
But the rating methodology and the most widely accepted in the scientific community, based on the boiling primary and final grades, has been ranked the most important Accordingly oil derivatives as follows:
1 - liquefied petroleum gases
L.P.G) Liquefied Petroleum Gases)
It is a mixture of propane and butane, and the degree of Gleanama less than 20 ° C, which can be converted into a liquid under high pressure, and used as fuel in the home, and as a source of energy in some factories, and as fuel for the engines of some cars and buses.
2 - motor fuel (gasoline) Gasoline
In addition to the name «Gasoline» English origin, adopted in the US markets and a lot of international markets, the Commonwealth launches on motor fuel Name «Petroleum» since 1892, noting that this name had appeared before it to indicate the oil is refined. Other names for the same derivative, «Gasoline» relative to the chemical compound «Benzene», and not, as some sources claim attributed to Bertha Benz, which was used as fuel in the vanguard trip by car in 1888.
And gasoline, which is the first day of the approved fuel in cars in most countries of the world, was sold at the beginning of production in the nineteenth century in a small medicine bottles eliminates lice and their eggs, and then as a solvent and cleaner clothes.
It is a mixture of hydrocarbons, and be rich regular chained and branched compounds aromatic aromatic, this mixture contains a number of sub-derivatives with different uses, the initial Valjasulan Straight run gasoline is lighter liquid petroleum products, and a boiling point of between 25 and 40 ° C, and is called in Europe on behalf of naphtha Naphta.
The subject of gasoline a large number of chemical treatments in refineries in order to become a fuel suitable for cars normal both types (octane 83-90) and excellent (octane 95-100), or as fuel for aircraft and helicopters, as used in the preparation of some types of fuel for civilian and military jet aircraft in production some industrial solvents.
3 - Kerosene Kerosene
Kerosene known since ancient times. The pioneers Kmstq extracted from crude oil, the Muslim world, Al-Razi, which he called «white oil» in his book known as the «Book of Secrets». But since the nineteenth century only, kerosene has become one of the most common major oil derivatives use.
In the year 1854, has been registered name «kerosene» as the name brand in America, and has been one American company a monopoly on the right to use that name for several years, to be popularized globally on everyone's lips.
In addition to the name of kerosene or kerosene, the product itself is called «paraffin» or «paraffin oil» in both the United Kingdom and South-East Asia and South Africa.
The kerosene and one of the most important refinery products, and is located within the range of thermal ranges from 150 to 250 ° C, and contains a number of paraffins and Nafetinat, and used as fuel for domestic cooking and heating, and is chairman of the jet fuel component, also enters in some industrial solvents industry and solvents diluted in paints Thinner which is a large group of chemical compounds that are blended with some varying degrees of ease viscosity.
4 - jet fuel
This type of fuel is known as jet fuel (kerosene) Jet Kerosene, used to run a turbine engines that operate continuously, unlike the internal combustion-engined cars. And taken into account when preparing jet fuel a large number of job specifications, for reasons of safety and security, drop by the flash must not be less than 38 ° C, and the degree of freezing of 50 degrees Celsius below zero, so that it stays liquid in cold regions and in the upper atmosphere.
Must also be this type of fuel should not contain moisture (water), as it should be homogeneous and stable in composition Thi heat content is high, so it is limited to the extent of distilled between 160 and 240 ° C, and the proportion of aromatic substances which exceed a certain limit.
And called on jet fuel civil shortcut JP1 while called jet fuel military JP4, because it is characterized by the extent of the distillation of broad ranges between 50 and 240 ° C, and a larger proportion aromatic substances, and the proportion of sulfur materials up to 0.4%, and the degree of freezing about 65 ° C under zero.
5 - diesel or diesel Diesel or Solar
Diesel is a globally common type of fuel is less than the viability of gasoline inflammable and explosive viability name. That is why it depends mainly on military vehicles and trucks, as well as some cars, home heating and the like. Due Diesel name to the name of the German inventor Rudolf Diesel, who invented the 1892 engine factor this specific type of fuel.
In the Levant, and some countries of the Maghreb used the word «diesel» to refer to diesel, a French label, it is rare to come mentioned in the scientific literature.
It contains diesel or gasoline or diesel fuel to paraffins also contains Nafetinat and some aromatic mono and dual-loop, and the sulfur compounds and compounds nitrogen, are obtained diesel within Qatfa at temperatures ranging from 250 to 350 ° C, and features a turquoise pale yellow transparent, and uses this type of fuel for heavy machinery products, but some car engines.
And measured the ability of diesel combustion, including so-called «cetane number» (Cetane Number), and the higher the cetane number whenever fuel combustion a good performance, that is, it can start the ignition at low temperatures. Should this type of fuel possess a degree of suitable viscosity and contains a certain percentage of sulfur, as an increase in this component in the fuel leads to the erosion of the engine in a relatively short time.
6 - Fuel Oil (Fuel Oil)
This type of fuel is used widely in the industry. Place of coal has been resolved since the beginning of the twentieth century, where he is currently being used for the operation of thermal power plants, and in heavy industries such as mining and manufacturing cement and glass industry to secure the thermal energy needed to operate it.
It is obtained from the distillation tower after diesel directly, and a boiling point ranged between 300 and 350 degrees Celsius. Known as heavy fuel Oil Heavy Fuel Oil, while fuel name called Light Oil Light Fuel Oil residue left after the distillation of kerosene, which at 230 ° C.
7 - oils (Lubricating Oils)
One of the outputs of the vacuum distillation process, and varies over a boiling point between 350 and 500 degrees Celsius, Within the extent of 350 to 400 ° C are classified oils on it lightly, and within the range of 400 to 450 degrees Celsius classified oils as a medium, and heavy oils shall be over the boiling point of 450 to 500 ° C, and this multi-Alktefat, comprising a mixture of oils and waxes and asphalt.
8 - bitumen (asphalt) (Asphalt)
Article remaining in the bottom of the vacuum distillation tower, called by some tar name, which is extracted bitumen or asphalt him, a mixture of high viscosity chemical compounds, color black, which is heavier petroleum products and the highest in the boiling point.
It contains bitumen on the varying proportions of sulfur and some heavy metals, and is used in paving roads, and the isolation of roofs, as previously used in the manufacture of catapult incendiary shells, which were ignited and thrown at enemies.
Finally, we note that we stopped in this area, set in front of us, at the main oil derivatives, which can be a source of wonder about what they are in the consumer's mind. But all of the above is the point in a sea of oil or crude oil derivatives (Zeta and gas). Because there is a derivative of these derivatives includes dozens of products that we consume in our daily lives, this number will double to hundreds maybe, when we add natural gas derivatives and derivatives of derivatives to include a long list: paints, solvents of all kinds, plastics, glues, fabrics, drugs, perfumes, synthetic rubber .. and much more, making it impossible confined, and add a new to him every day.
The convoy team, depending on the research conducted by Almhendsamagd Qasim, a member of the Arab Association of Science Journalists, here deals with the most crude oil derivatives, and more specifically these derivatives commonly used in daily life, namely the various types of fuel, and what distinguishes them from each other.
Although the man known petroleum (oil and natural gas) for nearly six thousand years, the many oil derivatives that we use in our daily lives is the result of relatively recent refining industry, dating its beginnings to the second half of the nineteenth century.
If we stop for a moment in front of crude oil, we will find ourselves in front of a number of words that everyone knows without a known fact that many of the intended respective specifically.
The word oil is equivalent to the word Arab Petroleum (English and French), derived from the Latin language «Petra Oleum» literally means originally «oil shale». We say in the original, because the word Petroleum became certified to refer to oil and natural gas together. When the talk is liquid oil alone use the word «oil» only, while the gas is called «natural gas». And by extension, to point out that there are two types of natural gas are extracted from natural gas and oil reservoirs called «associated gas», and natural gas extracted away from the reservoirs of oil and so-called «non-associated gas».
With natural gas constitutes the primary feedstock for the petrochemical industry giant that continues to grow and evolve day after day, has been dealt «caravan» previously expanded research, we will stop in comes in front of oil derivatives that we deal with every day, and only many of us know derivative they need without explore the Name The difference between him and another derivative.
The chemical composition
Crude oil is a complex mixture of thousands of different molecules, and the greatest proportion of it, a hydrocarbons combine with other elements like sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and a few varying degrees.
And hydrocarbons, is a very large range of vehicles, suffice here mention the most important names, to avoid viscous reader in a maze of different and complex chemical compositions:
1 - paraffins Paraffins
2 - naphthenes Naphthenes
3 - Olefins Olefins
4 - Alositilanaat Acetylenics
5 - aromatic or aromatic compounds Aromatics
6 - sulfur compounds
7 - nitrogen compounds and compounds Alooxeginah mineral impurities
8 - asphalt and Alasvlten
Types of crude oil
Although the crude oil consists mainly of a collection of hydrocarbons, but the proportions of these compounds vary according to the source. Crude oil is rich in saturated paraffin compounds may be rich compounds Alinvtinih. This in turn will impact on the appearance of oil and cohesion in general, where the form of liquids Rjrajh Mobile brown tends to yellowish, or black viscous liquids and semi-solid.
And control the nature of the crude oil in products that can be obtained from the type. Crude Valzi Alinvtini be suitable for the production of asphalt, while crude oil Paraffinic shall be suitable for the production of wax, and so on for the production of lubricating oils which can be obtained from crude oil Alinvtini Otari. But the development of methods of refining, led to overcome these chemical problem, so that it is possible to deal with all types of oil and production of various derivatives.
Accordingly, it is in the habit of crude oil classified into three categories depending on the components of hydrocarbons, namely:
1 - paraffinic oil origin.
2 - Oil Nftini origin.
3 - Mixed origin oil, which is made up of ex-types with a pedigree of aromatic compounds and paraffin wax and asphalt materials.
Crude oil refining
The oil industry has developed significantly with increasing global needs of this article precious, was centered in the beginning, that is, during the period between 1860 and 1890, to get kerosene (Kerosene), as seen in those derived most important period, which was used for lighting, heating and cooking.
The aim of the oil refining process, the separation of the desired components of the mix and turn them into products suitable for consumption within specific specifications.
And oil refining scientifically means cracking of crude oil to the original components and its fractions and rearranged to form new compounds, and the basis for this industry distillation, based on the difference in the boiling points of these compounds, and are conducting this process in a piecemeal Towers private.
It includes oil refining on the three main operations are:
1 - physical processes (Chapter).
2 - chemical processes (conversion).
3 - processors and purification.
And include separation process, conducting operations in the fractional distillation towers within more than one stage, where they are separated with a low boiling degrees lighter vehicles, from the top of the tower while the heavier vehicles Vtfsal from the bottom of the tower.
There are various types of distillation towers, where the primary distillation towers be under normal atmospheric pressure, or distillation towers rarefied working under pressure to reduce the boiling point of some vehicles.
Increasing global demand for oil derivatives to make fundamental changes in distillation and treatment systems have resulted. Instead of the previously used system, which depends on the heating specific amount of crude oil and distilled and then condensing it, was the use of continuous fractional distillation systems, also developed towers special units to separate each oil producer on the unit, where they are getting the volatiles from the top of the tower and left at the bottom materials Heavy Kalasfelt. Water vapor is also used for the separation of the most volatile compounds to avoid smashing some chemical compounds because of the high temperatures in the distillation tower, also used the vacuum distillation system. And other various crushing systems.
These techniques and chemical processes that have been developed, and accompanied by significant developments in the industry «fractional distillation column», which is a huge steel cylinder, installed in the inside trays Trays, and gather the liquid condensed on those trays and sliding across the tube to the next Chinese. Those trays and contain a large number of holes which mounts them next steam from the lower trays, and rises above each hole short tube and cover Cap so steam rushes through the cracks slots in the vicinity of the cover to the inside of a liquid that contain Chinese.
Thus, the process of evaporation and condensation occur Aharareeten and collect on each tray of boiling compounds degrees lower than those collected on Chinese vehicles that followed at the bottom, then the product is withdrawn within a similar level of retail column.
The most important derivatives of crude oil refining
Petroleum products, are chemical compounds that have resulted from the crude oil refining process, which is the primary objective of the whole process within the refining and purification stages of separation and refinement of various extraction.
There are various methods of classification of petroleum products, it is classified by object of use, such as an energy source of dynamic, or a source of thermal energy, or products of other industrial processes, has been classified by the specific color and weight.
But the rating methodology and the most widely accepted in the scientific community, based on the boiling primary and final grades, has been ranked the most important Accordingly oil derivatives as follows:
1 - liquefied petroleum gases
L.P.G) Liquefied Petroleum Gases)
It is a mixture of propane and butane, and the degree of Gleanama less than 20 ° C, which can be converted into a liquid under high pressure, and used as fuel in the home, and as a source of energy in some factories, and as fuel for the engines of some cars and buses.
2 - motor fuel (gasoline) Gasoline
In addition to the name «Gasoline» English origin, adopted in the US markets and a lot of international markets, the Commonwealth launches on motor fuel Name «Petroleum» since 1892, noting that this name had appeared before it to indicate the oil is refined. Other names for the same derivative, «Gasoline» relative to the chemical compound «Benzene», and not, as some sources claim attributed to Bertha Benz, which was used as fuel in the vanguard trip by car in 1888.
And gasoline, which is the first day of the approved fuel in cars in most countries of the world, was sold at the beginning of production in the nineteenth century in a small medicine bottles eliminates lice and their eggs, and then as a solvent and cleaner clothes.
It is a mixture of hydrocarbons, and be rich regular chained and branched compounds aromatic aromatic, this mixture contains a number of sub-derivatives with different uses, the initial Valjasulan Straight run gasoline is lighter liquid petroleum products, and a boiling point of between 25 and 40 ° C, and is called in Europe on behalf of naphtha Naphta.
The subject of gasoline a large number of chemical treatments in refineries in order to become a fuel suitable for cars normal both types (octane 83-90) and excellent (octane 95-100), or as fuel for aircraft and helicopters, as used in the preparation of some types of fuel for civilian and military jet aircraft in production some industrial solvents.
3 - Kerosene Kerosene
Kerosene known since ancient times. The pioneers Kmstq extracted from crude oil, the Muslim world, Al-Razi, which he called «white oil» in his book known as the «Book of Secrets». But since the nineteenth century only, kerosene has become one of the most common major oil derivatives use.
In the year 1854, has been registered name «kerosene» as the name brand in America, and has been one American company a monopoly on the right to use that name for several years, to be popularized globally on everyone's lips.
In addition to the name of kerosene or kerosene, the product itself is called «paraffin» or «paraffin oil» in both the United Kingdom and South-East Asia and South Africa.
The kerosene and one of the most important refinery products, and is located within the range of thermal ranges from 150 to 250 ° C, and contains a number of paraffins and Nafetinat, and used as fuel for domestic cooking and heating, and is chairman of the jet fuel component, also enters in some industrial solvents industry and solvents diluted in paints Thinner which is a large group of chemical compounds that are blended with some varying degrees of ease viscosity.
4 - jet fuel
This type of fuel is known as jet fuel (kerosene) Jet Kerosene, used to run a turbine engines that operate continuously, unlike the internal combustion-engined cars. And taken into account when preparing jet fuel a large number of job specifications, for reasons of safety and security, drop by the flash must not be less than 38 ° C, and the degree of freezing of 50 degrees Celsius below zero, so that it stays liquid in cold regions and in the upper atmosphere.
Must also be this type of fuel should not contain moisture (water), as it should be homogeneous and stable in composition Thi heat content is high, so it is limited to the extent of distilled between 160 and 240 ° C, and the proportion of aromatic substances which exceed a certain limit.
And called on jet fuel civil shortcut JP1 while called jet fuel military JP4, because it is characterized by the extent of the distillation of broad ranges between 50 and 240 ° C, and a larger proportion aromatic substances, and the proportion of sulfur materials up to 0.4%, and the degree of freezing about 65 ° C under zero.
5 - diesel or diesel Diesel or Solar
Diesel is a globally common type of fuel is less than the viability of gasoline inflammable and explosive viability name. That is why it depends mainly on military vehicles and trucks, as well as some cars, home heating and the like. Due Diesel name to the name of the German inventor Rudolf Diesel, who invented the 1892 engine factor this specific type of fuel.
In the Levant, and some countries of the Maghreb used the word «diesel» to refer to diesel, a French label, it is rare to come mentioned in the scientific literature.
It contains diesel or gasoline or diesel fuel to paraffins also contains Nafetinat and some aromatic mono and dual-loop, and the sulfur compounds and compounds nitrogen, are obtained diesel within Qatfa at temperatures ranging from 250 to 350 ° C, and features a turquoise pale yellow transparent, and uses this type of fuel for heavy machinery products, but some car engines.
And measured the ability of diesel combustion, including so-called «cetane number» (Cetane Number), and the higher the cetane number whenever fuel combustion a good performance, that is, it can start the ignition at low temperatures. Should this type of fuel possess a degree of suitable viscosity and contains a certain percentage of sulfur, as an increase in this component in the fuel leads to the erosion of the engine in a relatively short time.
6 - Fuel Oil (Fuel Oil)
This type of fuel is used widely in the industry. Place of coal has been resolved since the beginning of the twentieth century, where he is currently being used for the operation of thermal power plants, and in heavy industries such as mining and manufacturing cement and glass industry to secure the thermal energy needed to operate it.
It is obtained from the distillation tower after diesel directly, and a boiling point ranged between 300 and 350 degrees Celsius. Known as heavy fuel Oil Heavy Fuel Oil, while fuel name called Light Oil Light Fuel Oil residue left after the distillation of kerosene, which at 230 ° C.
7 - oils (Lubricating Oils)
One of the outputs of the vacuum distillation process, and varies over a boiling point between 350 and 500 degrees Celsius, Within the extent of 350 to 400 ° C are classified oils on it lightly, and within the range of 400 to 450 degrees Celsius classified oils as a medium, and heavy oils shall be over the boiling point of 450 to 500 ° C, and this multi-Alktefat, comprising a mixture of oils and waxes and asphalt.
8 - bitumen (asphalt) (Asphalt)
Article remaining in the bottom of the vacuum distillation tower, called by some tar name, which is extracted bitumen or asphalt him, a mixture of high viscosity chemical compounds, color black, which is heavier petroleum products and the highest in the boiling point.
It contains bitumen on the varying proportions of sulfur and some heavy metals, and is used in paving roads, and the isolation of roofs, as previously used in the manufacture of catapult incendiary shells, which were ignited and thrown at enemies.
Finally, we note that we stopped in this area, set in front of us, at the main oil derivatives, which can be a source of wonder about what they are in the consumer's mind. But all of the above is the point in a sea of oil or crude oil derivatives (Zeta and gas). Because there is a derivative of these derivatives includes dozens of products that we consume in our daily lives, this number will double to hundreds maybe, when we add natural gas derivatives and derivatives of derivatives to include a long list: paints, solvents of all kinds, plastics, glues, fabrics, drugs, perfumes, synthetic rubber .. and much more, making it impossible confined, and add a new to him every day.
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